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South Africa’s Legal and Constitutional ‘Rain’ Showering over the Office of the Public Protector

Received: 7 June 2022    Accepted: 18 July 2022    Published: 11 October 2022
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Abstract

The establishment of the office of the Public Protector alongside other Chapter 9 institutions in the Constitution 1996 in supporting South Africa’s constitutional democracy signaled the needed dramatic change in the promotion of good governance. The Public Protector is a unique institution that was designed as the cornerstone, pillar and foundation that has to ensure adherence to the effective implementation of the principles of the new constitutional dispensation. Its core and broad framework is to promote and rebuild an effective system of regulating public authority in ensuring adherence to the culture of justification on the exercise of such power. However, the office of the current Public Protector: Advocate Busisiwe Mkhwebane has since her appointment seem to be stifled by litigation that is initiated or brought against her office. The conspicuous feature is her description by the courts as incompetent, egregious, carries her duties in a biased way, unfit and a dishonest person that misconstrues the points of law that are foundational to the investigative role of her office. Debates have ensued and calls were made for her removal from office to an extent, an enquiry headed by former Justice Bess Nkabinde was established to investigate her competence and fitness to hold office. The enquiry recommended that she be removed subject to the parliamentary process. The process has already begun and the President has since suspended her from office. With this background, South Africa’s 28 years of democracy come in the wake of the damning court judgments against the current Public Protector: Advocate Busisiwe Mkhwebane. This paper provides an overview of the non-exhaustive list of selected cases of the various divisions of the High Courts including the Constitutional Court that described the Public Protector as unfit and incompetent in holding office. The paper argues that the said description by the courts negates the integrity and status of the office of the Public Protector. The argument and related cases are limited to the term of office of the current incumbent: Advocate Mkhwebane. It is also not the intention of this paper to make a personal description of the current incumbent and analysis of the cases vis-à-vis the process of the removal of the head of the Chapter 9 institutions but uses the language of the courts on their description of her holding office.

Published in International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11
Page(s) 342-349
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Public Protector, Rule of Law, Accountability, Jurisprudence, Rain, Transparency

References
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[2] Cameron R, ‘Public administration in South Africa: the state of the academic field’ (2008) 15 (2) Administratio Publica 43-67.
[3] Chothia F ‘South Africa’s Jacob Zuma: from freedom fighter to president to jail’ 08 July 2021 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57758641 accessed 25 July 2021.
[4] Davis G ‘Busisiwe Mkhwebane aligns herself with minority concourt judgment on Jacob Zuma’ 01 July 2021 https://ewn.co.za/2021/06/30/busisiwe-mkhwebane-aligns-herself-with-minority-concourt-judgment-on-jacob-zuma, accessed 26 July 2021.
[5] De Vos P ‘Public Protector rescission application reflect contempt for the facts and the law and also perhaps the Constitutional Court’ 25 August 2021, https://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/public-protector-rescission-application-reflects-contempt-for-the-facts-and-the-law-and-perhaps-also-for-the-constitutional-court/#more-11283, (accessed 27 August 2021).
[6] Du Plessis LM, ‘The ideal legal practitioner: from an academic angle’ (1981) De Rebus 424-427.
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[8] Jacobs K ‘Public Protector appears in court for lying under oath’ 21 January 2021 https://www.capetownetc.com/news/public-protector-appears-in-court-for-lying-under-oath/ accessed 27 August 2021.
[9] Kathy Govender and Paul Swanepoel ‘The Powers of the Office of the Public Protector and the South African Human Rights Commission: A Critical Analysis of SABC v DA and EFF v Speaker of the National Assembly 2016 3 SA 580 (CC) (2020) 23 PER / PELJ 1-32.
[10] Keping Y, ‘Governance and good governance: a new framework for political analysis’ 2018 (11) Fudan Journal of Human Social Sciences 1-8.
[11] Legalbrief ‘Mkhwebane colluded with Zuma advisers on SARB report’ 25 July 2021 file:///C:/Users/nntlama/Downloads/file%20(2).pdf, accessed 25 July 2021.
[12] Lodge T, ‘Political corruption in South Africa’ (1998) 97 (387) African Affairs 157-187.
[13] Madonsela TN ‘Constitutional and legislative mandate of the Public Protector’ 2010 Office of the Public Protector, file:///C:/Users/nntlama/Downloads/PP%20CONSTITUTIONAL%20AND%20LEGISLATIVE%20MANDATE%20(3).pdf, (accessed 25 July 2021).
[14] Maina J ‘The battles of the South African Public Protector: why the law must win’ 15 August 2019 https://theconversation.com/the-battles-of-south-africas-public-protector-why-the-law-must-win-121819, accessed 27 August 2021.
[15] Masuabi Q ‘Mkhwebane to face inquiry into her competence after ANC MPs toe party line’ 16 March 2021 https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/mkhwebane-to-face-inquiry-into-her-competence-after-anc-mps-toe-party-line-20210316, accessed 15 July 2021.
[16] Mathekga J, ‘Toothless bulldogs? The Human Rights Commissions of Uganda and South Africa: a comparative study of their independence’ (2002) 2 African Human Rights Law Journal 88.
[17] Maqhina Mayibongwe ‘Parliament notifies Cyril Ramaphosa of Busisiwe Mkhwebane impeachment enquiry’ available at https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-notifies-cyril-ramaphosa-of-resumption-of-busisiwe-mkhwebane-impeachment-inquiry-1f8c9529-d436-474e-8731-f725508cace3, accessed 25 March 2022.
[18] Mbiada CJ, ‘The Public Protector as a mechanism of political accountability: the extent of its contributions to the realization of the rights to access adequate housing in South Africa’ (2017) 20 PER/PELJ 1-34.
[19] Mkhwanazi S ‘How Busisiwe Mkhwebane went from ‘nowhere’ to centre of political storm’ 28 July 2019 https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/how-pp-busisiwe-mkhwebane-went-from-nowhere-to-centre-of-political-storm-29983638, accessed 26 July 2021.
[20] Mtendeweka Mhango and Ntombizozuko Dyani-Mhango, ‘The powers of the South African Public Protector: a note on Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly’ (2020) 13 (1) Journal of African Legal Studies 23-42 as they argue that section 182 is foundational to the powers of the Public Protector.
[21] Nkabinde B, Ntsebeza D and De Waal J Report entitled: ‘Preliminary assessment and recommendations of the independent panel established in terms of the rules of the National Assembly on the removal from office in terms of section 194 of the Constitution, of a holder of public office in a state institution supporting constitutional democracy’ https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Pages/2021/march/01-03-2021_Report_of_the_independent_Panel_on_the_Public_Protector/FINAL_REPORT_OF_THE_INDEPENDENT_PANEL_EST_i.t.o_NA_RULE_129U_AND_Sect_194_OF_CONSTITUTION.pdf, accessed 25 July 2021.
[22] Parliament of South Africa ‘Parliament agrees on Public Protector nominee: Adv Busisiwe Mkhwebane’ 24 August 2016, https://www.gov.za/speeches/public-protector-nominee-announced-24-aug-2016-0000, accessed 26 July 2021.
[23] Pienaar G, ‘The role of the public protector in fighting corruption’ (2000) 9 (2) African Security Studies 52-66.
[24] Public Protector, ‘Alleged failure to recover misappropriated funds’ Report No 8 of 2017/2018 https://accountabilitynow.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Report-8-of-2017-2018-Public-Protector-South-Africa.pdf accessed 20 August 2021.
[25] Rabkin F ‘Jailing Zuma could lead to anarchy, civic body says in court application’ 03 May 2021 https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-05-03-jailing-zuma-could-lead-to-anarchy-civic-body-says-in-court-application/, accessed 25 July 2021.
[26] Reif L Ombuds institutions, good governance and the international human rights systems (2020) 2nd ed 2020, BRILL.
[27] Roussouw R ‘Central Bank case exposes incompetence of SA’s Public Protector’ 28 August 2017 https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/in-their-own-words/2017/2017-08/central-bank-case-exposes-incompetence-of-sas-public-protector.html, accessed 30 July 2021.
[28] Seale T ‘President Ramaphosa appears before Commission of Enquiry into State Capture’ 10 August 2021, https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa-appears-zondo-commission-11-aug-10-aug-2021-0000, accessed 27 August 2021.
[29] Seale T ‘President Ramaphosa requests Adv Busisiwe Mkhwebane for reasons not to suspend her’ 18 March 2022 available at https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-ramaphosa-requests-public-protector-reasons-not-suspend-her-18-mar-2022-0000, accessed 24 March 2022.
[30] Srivastava M ‘Good Governance - Concept, Meaning and Features: A Detailed Study’ (2009) SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1528449 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1528449, accessed 26 July 2021.
[31] Zongwe DP, ‘Public Protector v South African Reserve Bank 2019 (6) SA 253 (CC)’ (2020) 3 (2) SAIPAR Case Review, 66-74.
[32] ABSA Bank v Public Protector 2018 ZAGPPHC 2.
[33] Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 (10) BCLR 1253 (CC).
[34] DA v Public Protector 2019] (7) BCLR 882 (GP).
[35] Doctors for Life v Speaker of the National Assembly 2006 (12) BCLR 1399 (CC).
[36] Economic Freedom Fighters v Gordham, 2020 (8) BCLR 916 (CC).
[37] Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly 2016 (5) BCLR 618 (CC).
[38] General Council of Bar v Jiba 2017 (2) SA 122 (GP).
[39] Gordham v Public Protector [2020] ZAGPPHC 777.
[40] Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa v Public Protector 2020 (5) SA 179 (GP).
[41] Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development v Chonco 2010 (2) BCLR 140 (CC).
[42] Organisation Undoing Tax Abuse v Duduzile Myeni Case number: 15996/2017, para 272.
[43] President of the Republic of South Africa v Office of the Public Protector 2018 (5) BCLR 609 (GP).
[44] Public Protector v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service [2020] ZACC 28.
[45] Public Protector v President of the Republic of South Africa [2021] ZACC 19.
[46] Public Protector v President of the Republic of South Africa 2021 (9) BCLR 929 (CC).
[47] Public Protector v South African Reserve Bank 2019 (6) SA 253 (CC).
[48] Public Protector v South African Reserve Bank 2019 (9) BCLR 113 (CC).
[49] Public Protector v Speaker of the National Assembly 2020 (12) BCLR 1491 (WCC).
[50] Public Protector v Speaker of the National Assembly CASE NUMBER: 2107/2021.
[51] Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Enquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State v Zuma [2021] ZACC 18.
[52] South African Reserve Bank v Public Protector 2017 (6) SA 198 (GP).
[53] Speaker of the National Assembly v Public Protector CCT257/21; CCT 259/21.
[54] Advocate General Act 118 of 1979 as Amended by Act 55 of 1983.
[55] Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
[56] Public Protector Act 23 of 1994 as Amended by Act 22 of 2003.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Nomthandazo Ntlama-Makhanya. (2022). South Africa’s Legal and Constitutional ‘Rain’ Showering over the Office of the Public Protector. International Journal of Law and Society, 5(4), 342-349. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11

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    ACS Style

    Nomthandazo Ntlama-Makhanya. South Africa’s Legal and Constitutional ‘Rain’ Showering over the Office of the Public Protector. Int. J. Law Soc. 2022, 5(4), 342-349. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11

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    AMA Style

    Nomthandazo Ntlama-Makhanya. South Africa’s Legal and Constitutional ‘Rain’ Showering over the Office of the Public Protector. Int J Law Soc. 2022;5(4):342-349. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11,
      author = {Nomthandazo Ntlama-Makhanya},
      title = {South Africa’s Legal and Constitutional ‘Rain’ Showering over the Office of the Public Protector},
      journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
      volume = {5},
      number = {4},
      pages = {342-349},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20220504.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20220504.11},
      abstract = {The establishment of the office of the Public Protector alongside other Chapter 9 institutions in the Constitution 1996 in supporting South Africa’s constitutional democracy signaled the needed dramatic change in the promotion of good governance. The Public Protector is a unique institution that was designed as the cornerstone, pillar and foundation that has to ensure adherence to the effective implementation of the principles of the new constitutional dispensation. Its core and broad framework is to promote and rebuild an effective system of regulating public authority in ensuring adherence to the culture of justification on the exercise of such power. However, the office of the current Public Protector: Advocate Busisiwe Mkhwebane has since her appointment seem to be stifled by litigation that is initiated or brought against her office. The conspicuous feature is her description by the courts as incompetent, egregious, carries her duties in a biased way, unfit and a dishonest person that misconstrues the points of law that are foundational to the investigative role of her office. Debates have ensued and calls were made for her removal from office to an extent, an enquiry headed by former Justice Bess Nkabinde was established to investigate her competence and fitness to hold office. The enquiry recommended that she be removed subject to the parliamentary process. The process has already begun and the President has since suspended her from office. With this background, South Africa’s 28 years of democracy come in the wake of the damning court judgments against the current Public Protector: Advocate Busisiwe Mkhwebane. This paper provides an overview of the non-exhaustive list of selected cases of the various divisions of the High Courts including the Constitutional Court that described the Public Protector as unfit and incompetent in holding office. The paper argues that the said description by the courts negates the integrity and status of the office of the Public Protector. The argument and related cases are limited to the term of office of the current incumbent: Advocate Mkhwebane. It is also not the intention of this paper to make a personal description of the current incumbent and analysis of the cases vis-à-vis the process of the removal of the head of the Chapter 9 institutions but uses the language of the courts on their description of her holding office.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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Author Information
  • Department of Public Law, Nelson R Mandela School of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa

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