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Research Article
Optimization of Consumer Dispute Resolution Tasks by the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency of Makassar City
Abd Haris Hamid*
,
Mustawa Nur,
Ruslan Mustari
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
70-77
Received:
16 February 2025
Accepted:
27 February 2025
Published:
28 March 2025
Abstract: Consumer dispute resolution by the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK) of Makassar City which is carried out through mediation or conciliation or arbitration, has not been running optimally due to various obstacles, namely the constraint of legal substance, namely the BPSK Decision is Final and Binding, but can still be objected to in court, the consumer protection law was born in the era of centralized government, while reform demands the need for a government based on regional autonomy, as a result the consumer protection law, especially that related to the existence of BPSK as stated in Article 49 paragraph (1), has become weak due to the creation of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, there is no Standard Operating Procedure regarding the implementation of BPSK duties and authorities, there is no regulation regarding the procedure for executing BPSK decisions. Technical operational obstacles, namely office facilities do not support and the operational budget is very limited, even for certain things it is not available.
Abstract: Consumer dispute resolution by the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK) of Makassar City which is carried out through mediation or conciliation or arbitration, has not been running optimally due to various obstacles, namely the constraint of legal substance, namely the BPSK Decision is Final and Binding, but can still be objected to in court, ...
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Research Article
Financial and Economic Mechanisms for Preventing Military Conflicts
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
78-82
Received:
11 February 2025
Accepted:
28 February 2025
Published:
10 April 2025
Abstract: The work is devoted to a new approach to ensuring the enforcement of international treaties and agreements. As you know, there are no real guarantees for the fulfillment of treaties in the field of international politics, just as there are no coercive measures to fulfill political obligations and security guarantees. Just as in the physical world, the forces of nature force material systems to return to equilibrium, in both local and global economic systems, the market plays the same function as the main tool for preventing shocks and overcoming their consequences. This publication offers a set of ideas describing the use of economic methods in solving the problems of preventing military action. Among these methods, special attention is paid to sub bonds (Suirprize Attack bonds), which can be useful as a safeguard against sudden aggression, they also mitigate the socio-political and military consequences for the victim of an attack.
Abstract: The work is devoted to a new approach to ensuring the enforcement of international treaties and agreements. As you know, there are no real guarantees for the fulfillment of treaties in the field of international politics, just as there are no coercive measures to fulfill political obligations and security guarantees. Just as in the physical world, ...
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Commentary
Recognition of Naga Customary Law and Practices in Northeast India: Convergence or Conflict
Subhash Chandra Singh*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
83-102
Received:
8 March 2025
Accepted:
24 March 2025
Published:
14 April 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20250802.13
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Views:
Abstract: India is a unique example of unity in diversity. The diversity and variety of the language, caste, culture, tribe and religion is remarkably distinguished as a wonderful mosaic of anthropological splendor. Tribal peoples generally prefer having their disputes determined by the customary courts because their procedures are simpler and cheaper compared to formal law courts. The courts are also located near the public and the justice is available at the doorstep of the people. The courts apply orally transmitted rules and norms while rendering decisions. Village Court in Nagaland is unique not only in the country but also in the world. In India, the national justice system is well structured and independent based on the adversarial system of English Common Law. But the justice system of the tribal peoples in Northeast India, specifically in Nagaland, is quite different. In Nagaland, the tribal peoples have a high degree of integrity governed by their customary laws. Customary laws emerged from the community and through them the socio-cultural identity of the tribal community is preserved. Customary laws in Nagaland vary from tribe to tribe and are largely unwritten. The tribal communities cherish their laws as inherent to their identity. Customary laws and practices in Nagaland regulate certain customary rules of behavior and include enforcement procedures and punishment for violations, turning them into a guardian of tribal values and norms. Many aspects of customary laws are good and need to be preserved, such as simplicity of procedures and preference for reconciliation rather than litigation. In recent years, there have been considerable changes in the contents, interpretation, and enforcement of customary laws. Particularly, this seems to appear in the State of Nagaland where the traditional people give them the strict interpretation and resist changes in traditional laws. This paper examines the constitutional and legislative framework within which the customary law and practices operate.
Abstract: India is a unique example of unity in diversity. The diversity and variety of the language, caste, culture, tribe and religion is remarkably distinguished as a wonderful mosaic of anthropological splendor. Tribal peoples generally prefer having their disputes determined by the customary courts because their procedures are simpler and cheaper compar...
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